Located in the northwest of Beijing and 15 Km away from the downtown area of Haidian District, “Summer Palace” is the largest and the most well-preserved imperial park in China. It displays Chinese horticulture and landscape with popular natural views and cultural interests. Some people call it “The Museum of Royal Gardens”. (Video Credit: Milosh Kitchovitch)
History of the Summer Palace
The Summer Palace was initially built in 1750 as a luxurious royal garden of the imperial families where they can rest and be entertained. Later, during the Qing Dynasty, it became the main residence of the members of the royal family. However, like any other gardens in Beijing, Summer Palace was not able to escape the rages of the Anglo-French Allied Force and it was devastated by fire.
According to the historical documents, the garden’s original name was “Qingyi Garden” (Garden of Clear Ripples). It was just renamed to Summer Palace or Yiheyuan after it was reconstructed in 1888. Ancient records also showed that Empress Dowager Cixi abused navy funds to rebuild the garden as a resort where she could spend the rest of her life.
In the year 1900, the garden suffered one more hit by the Eight-Power Allied Force and again repaired in the next 2 years. The summer palace was opened to the public in the year 1924, recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1998, and became one of the first national AAAA tourist destinations in China.
The Summer Palace emits the natural beauty and the grandeur of imperial gardens. It occupies a total area of 300.59 hectares and composed mainly by Longevity Hill or” Wanshou Shan” and Kunming Lake. The garden also boasts more than 3,000 man-made ancient structures with a building space of over 70,000 square meters, which include pavilions, bridges, towers, corridors, and others.
The summer palace is divided into 4 main parts:
- Court Area
- Front Area of Longevity Hill
- Rear Area of Longevity Hill
- Kunming Lake Area.
Court Area
In the northeast of the Summer Palace, you can find the Court Area, which spreads from the East Palace Gate to the northeast coast of the Kunming Lake. This is a replica of the imperial palace of China and it is called the “palace in from and garden behind”. This is where the Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu met different officials and helped state affairs.
Apart from court affairs, this section of the Summer Palace also has living quarters. The East Palace Gate, as well as the Hall of Benevolence and Longevity, were used as the office of the Emperor. The Hall of Joyful Longevity was for Cixi to live in and the Hall of Jade Ripples for Guangxu.
The Yiyun Hall was where Empress Longyu used to live in while the Garden of Virtue and Harmony was used for holding entertainment for Cixi. Nowadays, this portion of the garden is an integrated transport hub, which is the best first stop for tourists to enjoy stunning views of Kunming Lake and Longevity Hill.
East Palace Gate
This is the front entrance of the Summer Palace, which faces the east and has a gable roof. It has two side doors intended for the imperial family members and court officials, and three grand doors at the center, which were used exclusively by the Emperor, Empress, and queen mother. The East Palace Gate represents the Chinese culture of the feudal hierarchy.
The beams under the gate’s eaves are designed with colorful paintings. There was also a plaque that hangs on the gate with the inscription “Yiheyuan”, which means “to maintain energy and mellow the soul”. In the entrance, you can see a chiseled Danbi Stairway Stone Carvings with 2 relief dragons playing with a ball. It was originally placed in the Yuanmingyuan Ruins or the Old Summer Palace; however, it was moved here in 1937. In front of the gate, there is a couple of bronze lions bent down on white marble platforms on two sides, with a female in the north and a male in the south.
About 200 meters away from the gate, you can see the wooden archway called the Hanxu and Yanxiu Decorated Archway that the garden’s visitors will pass before reaching the East Palace Gate. ‘Yanxiu’ in the English means ‘capturing beauty’ while ‘Hanxu’ in the east indicates ‘picturesque scenery’.
Apart from the archway, visitors would also find a small yard after entering through the East Palace Gate. It has nine rooms on each side called ‘Neichao House’ or ‘House of Inner Court’. It was where the nine head officers of the Qing Dynasty’s six ministries stayed when on duty.
Hall of Jade Ripples
Near the Hall of Benevolence and Longevity, the Hall of Jade Ripples exists, which was initially built in 1750 during the reign of Emperor Qianlong. It was intended then as a venue for state affairs dealing. In 1892, the hall was reconstructed as ordered by Emperor Guangxu and it was used ever since as his living quarters.
Hall of Jade Ripples was built with the inspiration of the traditional Chinese “sanheyuan” style in which, the main hall is in the middle of two annex halls on each side. The courtyard got its name from a verse of the Jin Dynasty’s Lu Ji that says “jade spring with rippling water”. The main hall is facing the south and its back door leads to Yiyun House. The annex hall in the west is named Ouxiangxie and the eastern one is called Xiafenshi. The back door of the Ouxiangxie leads to the Lake Front Wharf and the Xiafenshi’s back door to the Hall of Benevolence and Longevity.
A historical event also happened in the Hall of Jade Ripples. When the Reform Movement in 1898 failed, Emperor Guangxu who promoted the reform was put under house arrest in this hall as ordered by Empress Dowager Cixi. The Emperor and the Empress, together with their allies, disagreed with the aim of the Reform Movement (Hundred Days Reform), which was to change the outdated feudal system and create a new decree.
The movement lasted for 103 days only and the Emperor went to the Hall of Jade Ripples. His six associate reformists, on the other hand, were beheaded. Brick walls were built in the courtyard’s two annex halls to block the exits and prevent Emperor Guangxu from escaping and accessing the outside world. Cixi even assigned eunuchs to watch the Emperor’s every move. Even though most of the brick walls were dismantled already, a trace of such Chinese history can still be seen in the place.
Hall of Benevolence and Longevity
Upon entering the East Palace Gate, visitors would first see the architectural complex of the Emperors’ administrative area, the Hall of Benevolence and Longevity.
Initially, this administrative hall was called ‘Qinzheng Hall” to motivate rulers to diligently manage the state affairs. However, during the time of Emperor Guangxu, the halls were renamed to “Renshoudian” as inspired by the popular Confucian saying “the ruler who reigns benevolently will have a long life”.
Nowadays, the hall’s furnishings remain the same as they were in history. In the middle of the hall, there is a pedestal with a throne that was furnished with nine dragons. There are also other decorations in the platform such as the monster-shaped censer, peacock-feather fans, and a red sandalwood screen. The hall also has two side chambers which were used as the resting place of the Emperor, the Empress, and other officials.
In the courtyard, there is an intricately sculpted bronze beast named Kylin. It has a dragon head, deer horn, cattle hoof, and lion tail. It is known to guard against the devastation of a fire in Chinese legends. In the courtyard, the Five Lake Tai stones called “Fengxuwulao” stands, which signifies longevity.
In front of the hall, there are 2 pairs of bronze statues of phoenixes and dragons. These were used as incense burners during formal occasions to perfume the air. Since it was the Empress who managed the affairs of the state, the phoenix statues which represent the queen are in the middle, and the dragons, representing the Emperor, is at the side. A well-named “Yannianjing” or “Well of Extending Life” is located to the north of the hall. The clear and sweet water was said to have revived the Empress when she had a heat stroke.
Yiyun House
Behind the Hall of Jade Ripples, there is a traditionally built courtyard called the Yiyun House. It was originally constructed during the reign of Emperor Qianlong for his book collections. It was called ‘Yiyun’ because of the word ‘Yun’, which is an aromatic plant that could protect books from moths. It was included in the burnt structures in 1860 but then, it was ordered to be repaired by Emperor Guangxu to house his Empress Longyu.
Empress Longyu was the last queen of the Qing Dynasty. She was the wife of the Emperor and the niece of Empress Dowager Cixi. It was the Empress’ aunt who arranged her marriage with the Emperor. Unfortunately, Emperor Guangxu did not favor Empress Longyu, thus, she lived alone in the Yiyun House.
The courtyard is a complex that includes the Yiyun Gate, Yiyun House, Jinxi House, Daocun House, as well as corridors. The Yiyun Gate is intricately designed with a floral-pendant style while the Yiyun House is five-rooms wide and has a bat-shaped plaque hanging in the middle. Its roof has a flush gable in front while in its back, there is an overhanging gable. On the west, there is the Jinxi House, and on the east, there is the Daocun House. Both houses are also five-rooms wide with flush gable roofs.
Garden of Virtue and Harmony
North of the Hall of Benevolence and Longevity is the Garden of Virtue and Harmony where the Emperor and the Empress watched the performances by the Peking opera. It houses one of the most popular opera theaters during the Qing Dynasty, the Grand Theater, which is the most well-preserved and biggest palace theater in China.
Grand Theater
A celebration in the Qing royal palace was not complete without a Peking opera in the Grand Theater. It has three stories with a 21-meter height. From bottom to top, there are the Shou Stage or the Longevity Stage, Lu Stage or Affluence Stage, and Fu Stage or Happiness Stage.
Each stage has a floor with trapdoors and below the Shou Stage, five ponds, and a well are located. Such ponds and well were intended to amplify the sound effects through the use of acoustic resonance. They were also used for water to appear when the dragon spouts. Special effects in all the three stages were also installed to fully entertain the audience especially the Empress who favored operas the most.
The Dressing House is a two-story structure located behind the stages of the theater. This was used as the costume and makeup location of the opera’s actors and actresses.
Hall of Nurtured Joy
This is where Empress Dowager Cixi used to watch the opera exclusively. Her throne here is very luxurious. It has a carving of a hundred larks flying towards a phoenix as well as a collection of caged songbirds that came from faraway lands. It also has a florid jade-inlaid screen where flower and bird motifs are on display. Cixi did not use the throne much when watching the opera, instead, she frequently stayed at the king bed behind the west window of the structure when she watches the performances.
Hall of Celebrating Virtue
During opera intermissions, Cixi used this hall to rest. Today, you can see Cixi’s portrait in this hall which was painted by the American artist Carl in 1903.
Hall of Joyful Longevity
This hall is considered as the major construction in the living area for royalty since it has the Kunming Lake in front and the Longevity Hill at the back.
Emperor Qianlong ordered the construction of this hall as a gift for the 6oth birthday of his mother. However, it was burnt down in 1860 and only rebuilt in 1887 into a one-story building to be used as the residence of Empress Dowager Cixi. The structure is a typical Siheyuan compound with a courtyard located at its center.
Small yards are located on each side of the main house with side houses in west and east wings. There is a secondary entrance between the main gate and the courtyard which is a decorated pathway. Behind the main hall, you can find another structure called the Back Hall.
Inside the main hall. there are a carved sandalwood throne, a folding screen, and a pair of peacock fans. On each side of the throne, there is a porcelain plate used to hold fruits. There are also 4 huge copper incense burners inside the call and on its ceiling hung a colorful pendant lamp. It was the first-ever lamp used in China imported in 1903 from Germany. The east room was used by the Empress as a dressing room while the west room as her bedroom
2. Front Area of the Longevity Hill
Longevity Hall is located beside the Kunming Lake and has a 58.59 meters height. It is part of the Yanshan Mountains and has traditional buildings in front and fewer buildings in its rear. This area is considered the most stunning amongst the many constructions in the Summer Palace. It was laid out symmetrically from east to west where various delicate buildings in peaceful gardens are located. Its central axis is the Tower of Buddhist Incense which faces the south.
Long Gallery
Also called the Long Corridor, the Long Gallery is a flawlessly designed structure, which many regards as the most classic feature of the Summer Palace. It’s the longest corridor in Chinese classic gardens with a length of 728 meters.
It was initially constructed on the 5th year of Emperor Qianlong’s reign and completed after 4 years. The Long Gallery was intended for the outdoor walks of the Emperor’s mother, regardless of the weather. It was burnt down in 1860 and was reconstructed in 1886. The Empress Dowager Cixi liked walking in the gallery every day after having her breakfast.
The gallery has ‘273’ rooms wherein each room is represented by the space between two pairs of columns that support the roof. Its center is where the Gate of Dispelling Clouds is situated. At the eastern and western ends of the Long Gallery, there are two pavilions with an octagon shape. The four pavilions signify the 4 seasons with the names (from west to east) Qingyao or Clear and Carefree Pavilion, Qiushui (Autumn Water Pavilion), Jilan (Reposing Ripple Pavilion), and Liuja (Retaining the Goodness Pavilion).
One more highlight that is worth the visit here is the 14,000 Su style colored paintings in each beam and cross-member. It was even titled ‘the colored paintings museum’. To protect the paint from fading, they were made from the raw colors of minerals. The Long Gallery was included in the Guinness Book of Records in the early 1900s because of its length and numerous colored paintings.
Baoyun Pavilion
Even though the Baoyun Pavilion is made of bronze, it was called by many the “golden pavilion”. Located at the west of the Tower of Buddhist Incense, it is one of the 3 best and biggest bronze buildings existing in the country.
The Baoyun Bronze Pavilion has a double-eave roof with a height of 7.55 meters and a weight of 207 tons. The pavilion’s pillars, brackets, rafters, beasts on the ridges, tiles, doors, windows, and even its lintel are all made out of wood. It has a greenish-grey color and stands on a white Buddhist-style marble base with engravings.
Emperor Qianlong wrote poetry on the stele sitting before the pavilion when the bronze structure was completed. During his reign, Lamas of Tibet visited the pavilion and prayed for the emperors and empresses of the Qing Dynasty on the 1st, as well as the 15th day, of the month. The brackets on the stone cliff behind the pavilion, which have a 10-meter height, were used to hang Buddha figures when the ceremony is held.
In the inner wall of the rare bronze pavilion, there are engravings of four names: Angguozhu, Zhangcheng, Hanzhong, and Gaoyonggu. Many believed that they were the 4 people who cast this pavilion.
Hall of Utmost Blessing
This hall was originally a 2-story hexagonal Buddha pavilion located at the apex of the east ridge of the Longevity Hill. The war of 1860 destroyed all of it and a 1-story hall was built in 1860.
It was originally called the Tanhua Pavilion constructed to honor the Samantabhadra Bodhisattva or Bodhisattva of Universal Benevolence. Its shape signified the night-blooming cereus, which has 6 petals. Buddha statues are located on the 2 levels of the pavilion.
When it was rebuilt, Empress Dowager Cixi wanted it to be used for the moon observation when it’s raining. To save on expense, it was designed as a 1-story structure. However, its main hall is very spacious and from here, you can see the other stunning sceneries in the Summer Palace. Cixi conducted a ceremony in the pavilion on every Qixi Festival on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month to commemorate a romantic legend.
Along the verandas of the hall, there are numerous palace lanterns, which are fantastic from afar at night. The plaque under the eave in the entrance is said to be handwritten by the Empress herself. The hall covers a total area of 200 square meters, which is very stunning because of its tiling ground with various paintings as decorations.
Hall of Dispelling Clouds
The complex of buildings in front of the Longevity Hill, which stands symmetrically with a perfect and exact design, is the Hall of Dispelling Clouds. The complex starts from the Yunhui Yuyu Archway in the south and has its axis lined up precisely with the Gate of Dispelling Clouds, Hall of Dispelling Clouds, Tower of Buddhist Incense, and the Hall of the Sea of Wisdom. The Hall of Dispelling Clouds is a building complex that forms the central part of the scenic area in front of the hill.
The structure was originally from the “Da Baoen Yanshou Temple” or “Temple for Prating Great Gratitude and Wishing for Longevity” which was ordered to be built during the time of Emperor Qianlong as a gift to his mother’s birthday. It was burnt down during the war of 1860 and rebuilt during Emperor’s Guangxu’s ruling.
The lower part of the temple was changed from Hall of Mahavira to its current name. The Hall of Dispelling Clouds was derived from a verse of Jin Dynasty’s poet Guo Pu that says “in such a splendid hall, supernatural beings will emerge”. It means that the occupants of the building will be blessed with a prolonged life.
The Hall of Dispelling Clouds is on a raised terrace that has marble balusters. Its platform is broad and its steps are in three directions. One pair of bronze dragons, phoenixes, and three-footed vessels as well as four bronze vats, are located on each side of the terrace. Even though Emperor Qianlong once ordered that all the buildings in the imperial gardens and retreats should not be built with yellow glazed tiles (except temples), the Hall of Dispelling Clouds became an exception and has its roofs decorated with yellow glazed tiles.
Through the Wonderland
Through the Wonderland is a building complex Covering the west part of the front area of the Longevity Hill. It contains the Chenghui Pavilion, Jieqiu Tower, and the Aishan Tower prominently. It also gives a panoramic view of both the Kunming Lake and the Jade Spring Mountain.
The buildings in the complex harmonize well with the terrain by sitting on platforms of different heights and connected by sloping galleries that have yellow and green glazed tiles. On the 2nd floor of this octahedral pavilion, there is a magnificent view of the lake with rocks as a backdrop.
The white marble archway of the complex is just one of the 41 archways in the Summer Palace. It has low relief carvings all over and flower patterns are designed on its stone drums.
There is another layer of the courtyard behind the mentioned archway. The Hall of Through the Wonderland is the core building that is carried in arms of the slanted galleries.
Tower of Buddhist Incense
This tower is considered the symbolic structure of the Summer Palace. It is a religious building that was initially planned to be a 9-story tower but completed as am 8-story Buddhist tower for worshipping Buddha. During the 1st day and 15th day of each lunar month, Empress Dowager Cixi went to the tower to pray and burn joss sticks. When it was reconstructed during the time of Emperor Guangxu, the state spent 780,000 taels of silver, the most expensive reconstruction project of the dynasty.
The tower has three levels with an octagon shape and 4 layers of eaves. It has a height of 41 meters over a 21 meter-high stone foundation. It is flanked by symmetrical buildings and climbing its steep steps would give the tourists a wider view of the stunning scenery around the Kunming Lake.
The complex was constructed on the mountainside sixty meters above the water level. A portion of the mountain was bounded in the enormous stone foundation and the tower was exceptionally held up, adoring the attention from all over the front-hill area.
The tower, which is the main structure of the building, faces the south and has the mountain as a backup in the north. It is located on a 1.75-meter-high Buddhist pedestal made out of white marble. Porch rooms are situated around the tower on the enormous square stone foundation. The north and south gates are designed with yellow glazed tiles and green brims between the red walls and the yellow tiles.
Eight big ironwood pillars are supporting the tower. In each pillar, there is a hanging plaque while a gilded statue of the thousand-handed Kwan-yin Buddha sits right inside on the first floor. According to the historical records, this statue has a height of 5 meters and a weight of 5 tons. It was also cast in bronze and gilded with gold during the time Ming Dynasty’s Emperor Wanli. The tower was opened to the public in 1989 and reconstructed in 2006.
Hall of the Sea of Wisdom
On the sloping north of the Tower of Buddhist Incense, the Hall of the Sea of Wisdom is located. It is a building complex, which is a magnificent domain on the hillcrest. It starts with a splendid archway designed with yellow titles based on a marble platform. This gateway is known as the Realm of Multitudinous Fragrance or Zhong Xiang Jie, which is a name for a Buddhist kingdom. After the gate is the Hall of the Sea of Wisdom, the topmost building in the Longevity Hall.
This hall is a 2-decked religious structure that imitated a wooden architecture’s appearance; however, it is made of brick and stone. It has no single beam that supports its weight; thus, it was also known as the “No Beam Hall”.
The structure is very eye-catching because of the shining glazed bricks not only on its roof but also on its walls. Several real and virtual arch gates are located on the façade and at the back of the hall. There are also intricately glazed Buddha statues sitting in rows on the wall around the arch gates. The 1,008 statues are indeed the highlight of this uniquely made building.
Since it is made of bricks, the building was not taken down by the fire in the 1860 war. However, the holy statue of the Amitabha Buddha and the little-glazed statues on the wall weren’t as lucky. They lose their hands and heads which are usually the most intricate part of a Buddha statue. They have repaired afterward but not as radiant as before.
You can also find a statue of Guanyin or the Goddess of Mercy inside ‘the Sea of Wisdom”. The statue sits vertically on the lotus throne. It has a pure jade bottle in one hand and willow leaves in the other. On the sides of the entrance to the hall, on the other hand, you can find the statues of Manjusri and Samantabhadra. There are various mural paintings on the inside of the walls, the majority of which, depict auspicious flowers and clouds. This holy building’s name “the Sea of Wisdom” got its name from the sutra which symbolizes the mighty force and Tathagata Buddha’s infinite wisdom.
3. Rear Area of Longevity Hall
This area of the hall is quieter as compared to the front hill. Many of the constructions here were never rebuilt and only a few remained standing. The Rear Area of the Longevity Hall still offers a unique landscape full of dense green trees and winding paths.
Four Great Regions
This complex is composed of classical Tibetan Buddhist buildings known as the largest in Beijing. It was built in 1981 and designed by copying the famous Samye Monastery in Tibet.
The four Buddhist buildings around the central hall signify the 4 regions. Each of the buildings has its own unique appearance with 2 smaller rectangular or hexagonal structures nearby, as well as a lama pagoda. The 8 structures pertain to the Eight Lesser Regions and the 4 pagodas in colors red, white, black, and green signify the ‘4 pearls of wisdom’ of the sutra. Between the “four regions” and the “eight lesser regions”, there are are two altars namely the Sun Altar and the Moon Altar. This provides the impression that the Buddha is bounded by the sun and the moon.
Suzhou Market Street
Located along the Back Lake, Suzhou Market Street is designed to imitate the ancient style of shops situated in the riverbanks of the Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province. This area was used as an entertainment place for the Emperors and concubines could feel that they were walking on a commercial street.
It was destroyed during the 1860 war and only rebuilt in 1986. It was then reopened to the public in 1990. Today, there are various markets in the street such as souvenir shops, drugstores, banks, shoe stress, hock shops, etc.
Garden of Harmonious Interests
Near the Kunming Lake, the Garden of Harmonious Interests exists, which is also known as the ‘garden in the gardens’ because of its intricate design and unique layout.
The garden is noteworthy because of its eight settings that have different themes. The 8 settings are called the Zaishi Hall, the Momiao Room, the Jiuyun Tower, the Danbi House, The Shuile Pavilion, the Zhiyu Bridge, the Xunshi Path, and the Hanguang Hole. The interests or essence of each setting are as follows:
The interest of Seasons
This garden changes its beauty as the season changes. In spring, there are willows waving in the breeze. In summer, numerous lotuses can be smelled throughout the garden. In fall, the garden is transformed into romantic heaven by the weeping willows and in winter, the garden becomes an intricate landscape due to the snows that waft down to the trees and pavilions.
The interest of Water
Gardeners built the Yuqin Goroge using the falls from the Back Lake. The water trickles as it passes the rocks making a beautiful sound. It is also called the ‘interest of sound’.
The Interest of Bridge
Several bridges with different styles span the water here. The most famous one is Know-the-Fish Bridge.
The Interest of Calligraphy
There are a lot of calligraphy examples that can be found in the Garden of Harmonious Interests like the Xushi Path stele, as well as the stone inscription in the Moyun Room.
The Interest of Pavilion
The pavilion is located on the west corner of the garden. From the outside, the pavilion looks like a 1-story building but when you go inside, it appears to have 2 levels.
The Interest of Painting
In the corridors of the garden, there are hundreds of paintings with different styles and themes such as allusions, historical figures, sceneries, and treasures of art.
The Interest of Corridor
This is a fascinating collection of twists and turns. It connects the exquisite rooms, which give a unique chance for the visitors, to view the garden’s landscape from different angles.
The interest of Imitation
Even though the garden was built for a royal family, its style is inspired by the Jichangyuan Garden, which is a private garden.
4. Kunming Lake
This lake covers 3 quarters of the total area of the Summer Palace and is located at the convergence of a plain and the hills.
During the Yuan Dynasty, the Longevity Hill was called Weng Shan or Urn Mountain since it has an urn-like appearance. Its sizable lake is called the Wengshan Pool but was renamed as West Lake during the Ming Dynasty. But in 1750, Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty declared its name change to Kunming Lake that was to commemorate the inspection of Emperor Han Wu of his navy in Kunming Pool.
West Causeway
This causeway stretches from the northwest area of the Summer Palace up to its south. It divides the lake into 3 areas that have an island in the center. The 3 portions were made to resemble the legendary “three fairy islands in the East China Sea” namely the Penglai, Yingzhou, and Fangzhang.
The West Causeway is linked by six bridges, which were designed with different styles. They are the Jiehu or Lake-Boundary Bridge, the Bridge of Binfeng or Pastoral Poems, the Jade-Belt Bridge, The Mirror or Jing Bridge, the Lain (White-Silk) Bridge, and the Willow (Liu) Bridge.
Jiehu Bridge
The Jiehu Bridge is the border between the Front and Back Lake, which can be reached by walking along the lake bank right beside the Farming and Weaving Scenic Area.
The Binfeng Bridge
The Binfeng Bridge got its name from the collection of the first poetry in China called the Classic of Odes and it means ‘farming atmosphere’.
Jade-Belt Bridge
The most renowned one among the 6 bridges in the West Causeway is the Jade-Belt Bridge. It is made of white and black marble and the only bridge here with arches. If you look at it from afar, you will see that it looks like a jade belt; therefore, it’s called the Jade-Belt Bridge.
The Mirror Bridge
The Mirror Bridge, on the other hand, has a square opening and octagonal kiosk over the bridge. Its name is from a verse of Tang Dynasty’s Li Bai which says “two waters frame an unblemished mirror, twin bridges form a rainbow”.
Lian Bridge and Willow Bridge
The last 2 bridges, which are Lian Bridge and Willow Bridge, got their names from popular poems. They were destroyed during the 1860 war and then reconstructed in the late 1800s during the reign of Emperor Guangxu.
Nanhu Island
Nanhu Island is located on the opposite side of the Longevity Hall lying at the southeast area of the Kunming Lake. When the lake was enlarged during the time of Emperor Qianlong, he asked the workers to save the buildings and temples but he ordered the land around such to be excavated. Thus, Nanhu Island was created. It is the largest among the three fairy islands on the ocean of the Kunming Lake in the Summer Palace with a total area of around 1 hectare.
The island is also called the ‘South Lake Island’ banked with engraved stone-stripes and surrounded by white and blue stones. It is linked to the East Causeway by the Seventeen-Arch Bridge on its southeast shore. You can also find ferry ships from the island to the northwest and southeast shores of the lake. The south of the island is mainly composed of structures while its northern part is full of rockeries and trees. The structures on the island are the Hanxu (Modesty) Hall,
